Chinese Thought and Culture

By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values.

书契 – Chinese philosophy and culture

shūqì 书契 Documents on Bamboo or Wooden Slips 主要有两种含义:一指书写于简牍上的文字;二指纸张发明以前用竹木制作的券契或文书凭证,竹木正面用文字记录事项,竹木的一侧刻有一定数量的齿,通常会有两份,由当事双方各执其一,便于将来复验。两汉以后,简牍书写逐渐退出历史舞台,但作为券契或文书凭证用的竹木书契仍有使用。 This term has two meanings. One refers to script in general inscribed on bamboo or wooden slips. The other refers to documentary proofs, particularly proof of property ownership inscribed on bamboo or wooden slips before paper was invented. Various activities and matters were recorded on the […]

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书道 – Chinese philosophy and culture

shūdào 书道 The Way of Calligraphy 指通过书法创作追求身心合一进而体悟宇宙与生命真谛的艺术境界。受孔子(前551—前479)“志于道,据于德,依于仁,游于艺”的思想影响,尤其是庄子(前369?—前286)“技进乎道”的美学精神导引,书家对书法有更高的艺术追求,希望超越书法的形式与技艺,达到“道”的境界。因唐代书家重视书写的笔法、技法,故改称“书法”。“书法”是“书道”的初级阶段,属于技法的、有形的、“形而下”的范畴;“书道”是“书法”的最高阶段,属于普遍的、抽象的、“形而上”的范畴。“书道”这一术语后来传至日本,被赋予了更多修身、养性、悟道等方面的内容,这些又影响了中国近现代书法艺术的发展。 This term refers to an artistic state wherein a calligraphic artist pursues a unity between body and soul through calligraphic creation, so that he may embrace the truths about the universe and life. It was influenced by Confucius (551-479 BC) who said: “[Cultivated people] aspire to follow the

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事势之流,相激使然 – Chinese philosophy and culture

shì shì zhī liú, xiāng jī shǐ rán 事势之流,相激使然 The Flow of Events Is Caused by Interactions. 世事的变化趋势或态势是各种因素、力量相互碰撞、激发的结果。这是古代著名史家司马迁(前145或前135?—?)提出的历史命题。“事势”即世间之事的基本趋势和态势;“流”本指水流、河流,比喻事物的演变过程。司马迁认为,历史是人的故事,但并不以某个人、某些人的意志为转移;世事流转,最终呈现出什么样态,根本上取决于参与这一过程的各种因素或力量的相互碰撞或激发。其中蕴含有历史合力论的思想。 Changes in trends or situations arise from the clashes and stimuli of factors and forces. This was an explanation of history proposed by the famous ancient Chinese historian Sima Qian (145 or 135?-? BC). “Events” were the

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势 – Chinese philosophy and culture

shì 势 Situation / Trend 事物存在与发展的态势、趋势。“势”的形成、存在与变化,取决于事物之间的格局、力度及相互关系。“势”可指自然的形势,如空间位置上以高临下之势,也可指人类社会中因身份地位或行为举动所造成的态势、趋势。在文艺创作领域,“势”也表现为由作品结构或风格所造就的作品内在的流动之势。“势”对于人和事物的影响,体现着自然与社会运行的法则。人可以通过顺应、把握外在的“势”而有所作为,在一定条件下甚至可以通过造“势”改变事物发展的趋向。 This refers to the situation or trend in the development of things. The formation, existence and change of a situation hinges on how things are organized, their relative strength, and how they interact with each other. It also refers to topography, such as occupying a commanding position at a

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诗无达诂 – Chinese philosophy and culture

shī wú dá ɡǔ 诗无达诂 Poetry Defies Fixed Interpretation. 原指《诗经》没有恒定不变的训诂或解释,后用为文学鉴赏与批评术语,泛指由于时代变化与鉴赏者的思想、阅历、修养等个性差异,对同一作品往往有不同的解释或解读。由汉代大儒董仲舒(前179—前104)提出。“诗无达诂”源于春秋时代的“赋诗言志”,当时的为政者从实际的政治和外交需要出发常常引用《诗经》诗句,不一定符合诗句本意,甚至有时断章取义;汉儒诠释《诗经》,也因不同学术取向而分为数家。董仲舒提出这一命题,其意在为汉儒的不同解释提供依据。作为一种文学理论,“诗无达诂”属于鉴赏论,侧重于读者感受,体现出不同读者在文本解读与艺术审美上的差异性;同时,诗歌语言具有暗示、含蓄、曲折的特点,言不尽意,所以不能仅照字面意思直解,读者须按照自己的理解、想象与学识,以心会心,体悟诗中的寄托和寓意。“诗无达诂”的价值在于揭示了作品自身语义的模糊性与解释者个人的差异性,但不等于可以随意解释作品的意义。 This term originally referred to the absence of a universally accepted interpretation or explanation of The Book of Songs. It was first put forward by the great Han Dynasty Confucian scholar Dong Zhongshu (179-104 BC). Later, it came to be used as a general term

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诗穷而后工 – Chinese philosophy and culture

shī qióng érhòu gōng 诗穷而后工 Difficult Situations Drive Writers to Produce Quality Poems. 诗人只有在遭受困厄艰险的环境中,幽愤郁积于心,方能写出上乘的诗歌作品。这里的“穷”,并非指物质生活上的“穷困”,而是指广义的人生逆境。“工”,工致精美。这一命题由北宋著名文坛领袖欧阳修(1007-1072)提出。欧阳修认为,诗人因人生逆境而能对现实利益有所超脱,这有助于诗人抒写出曲折入微而又带有普遍性的世况人情。欧阳修的“诗穷而后工”继承发展了司马迁(前145或前135?—?)的“发愤著书”说与韩愈(768—824)的“不平则鸣”说,但它不再强调诗人自身愤懑的宣泄,而是揭示了优秀诗歌作品之所以产生的规律。欧阳修之后,此说成为文学批评理论中关于优秀文学作品产生规律的带有普遍意义的说法。 A poet will be able to produce a quality poem only when he is in a difficult and perilous environment, feeling suffocated with pent-up anger and frustration. The word qiong (穷 difficulty) does not mean the physical deprivation of material means but

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诗界革命 – Chinese philosophy and culture

shījiè ɡémìnɡ 诗界革命 The Revolution in the Circle of Poets 中国近代发生的一场以诗歌革新为内容的文化运动,是“文界革命”的一部分。梁启超(1873—1929)首倡“诗界革命”,他在《夏威夷游记》中提出,写诗要汲取古人的风格体式,但必须有新的意境和语句。他反对旧体诗的语言晦涩与格律束缚,认为若不进行诗界革命,诗运就会断绝,主张新诗的语言应该通俗,应该承载新的思想、传播先进观念,以引导、教化国民。梁启超、黄遵宪(1848—1905)、严复(1854—1921)、夏曾佑(1863—1924)、谭嗣同(1865—1898)、邱炜萲(1874—1941)等人均写作新体诗,并在报刊上登载。“诗界革命”中产生的诗作总体上艺术成就不高,往往是旧体诗堆砌新名词,表达生硬,不伦不类,但其创新精神直接启迪了白话新诗。 The Revolution in the Circle of Poets was a cultural movement in early modern China. A part of the Revolution in the Literati Circle, it aimed to reform poetic expression. Liang Qichao (1873-1929) was the first one to champion this movement. In his work

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师法之化 – Chinese philosophy and culture

shī fǎ zhī huà 师法之化 Enlightenment Through Education 教师和法度的教化。“师法之化”是由荀子(前313?—前238)提出的。荀子认为,人天生具有对外物的欲求,这是人的本性。如果放纵人的这种本性,就会导致人与人之间的纷争,社会将陷入混乱。因此,需要通过后天的教化,在恰当安顿人的欲望的同时,确立起对道德、礼法的认同与遵守。而教化的基本方式就是通过教师的传授和法度的规范,实现对人的欲望与言行的引导。 Enlightenment through education was a notion first put forward by Xunzi (313?-238 BC). He believed that people by nature desire external things. However, If unrestrained, this natural desire will lead to conflicts between people and plunge society into chaos. Therefore, they need to be enlightened through

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审虚实 – Chinese philosophy and culture

shěn xūshí 审虚实 Balance Fiction and Reality 戏曲创作必须把握好人物、故事情节的虚构与真实的关系。由明末清初曲论家李渔(1611—1680)在《闲情偶寄》中提出。李渔认为,戏曲所用素材,有古代的,有当今的,有据耳目传闻虚构,有据真人真事改编,大多跟寓言故事一样,能承载一定的教化功能即可,不必实有其人其事。尽管如此,作者在创作传奇戏剧的时候,仍然要把握好虚实的度,使传奇中的人物和情节发展合乎人情事理。“审虚实”认可艺术虚构的合理性与必要性,以合乎人情事理为艺术真实的判断标准,强调艺术真实不同于现实真实,这是对于文学创作规律的合理认识。 This term was first used by the late Ming and early Qing drama theorist Li Yu (1611-1680) in his Occasional Notes with Leisure Motions. It means that in dramatic creation, one should maintain a good balance between fiction and non-fiction in characterization and plot development. According to

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赏信罚必 – Chinese philosophy and culture

shǎng xìn fá bì 赏信罚必 Confer Honors and Mete Out Punishment to Those Who Deserve Them 该奖赏的一定奖赏,该处罚的一定处罚。后用来形容做事严格公正而分明。同“赏罚严明”“赏罚分明”。古人认为,赏罚是治国治军的重要原则和方法;赏罚有示范作用——赏为了劝善,罚为了惩恶,所以必须依照规矩,分清功过善恶,不徇私偏袒,赏罚得当,这样才能形成整体合力。它是诚信精神的具体体现。 This term originally means awarding those who deserve it, and punishing those who must be punished. Later on it was used to mean that one must be strict, fair, and transparent in governance. Ancient Chinese believed that honors

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