ɡuānxiànɡ 观象 Observing Images 观察物象或卦象。“象”是指可见而不具有固定形体的物象。“象”的自然呈现，如天象、气象等，体现着人和事物内在的特质及其变化的规则。古人也人为创造了各种“象”的系统，来描摹自然的物象，如卦象等。“观象”即是通过对“象”的观察，来把握自然与社会运行发展的规则。 This term means to observe images of phenomena or those of hexagrams. “Images” refer to the appearance of phenomena that can be seen, but have no fixed form. Images of nature, such as the sky or weather, represent the inherent features of humans and events and the laws governing their […]

guàyáocí 卦爻辞 Hexagram Texts 附在每卦、每爻之下的文辞。“卦爻辞”来自于占筮的记录，后来经过编者的编纂而附于六十四卦每卦、每爻之下。“卦爻辞”大体包括两类内容，一是判定吉凶之辞，二是叙事之辞。这些文辞记录了古代社会生活多方面的情形，同时也反映了古人对于天帝、神灵以及生活世界的某些认识。 These are written statements appended to each hexagram and each line within hexagrams. “Hexagram texts,” which came from divination records, were later compiled and attached individually to each of the 64 hexagrams and each line within the hexagrams. The texts generally fall into two categories: one indicating auspicious or inauspicious

gōng yù shàn qí shì, bì xiān lì qí qì 工欲善其事，必先利其器 A Craftsman Must Sharpen His Tools to Do His Job. 工匠想要很好地完成工作，必须先把工具弄得锋利好用。这是《论语·卫灵公》中记载的孔子（前551—479）的话。孔子本意是说，上层社会中有才能、有仁德的人是实现仁德理想的“利器”，为他们做事，和他们结为朋友，才能得到实现仁德理想的机会，有利于国家和社会。后来多用于比喻要做好一件事，准备工作与工作的手段、方法是很重要的。其中隐含的道理是：目的决定手段的选择，手段决定目的的实现。 This saying by Confucius (551-479 BC) is recorded in The Analects. By this Confucius originally meant that talented and virtuous people in the upper class were “tools” for realizing the ideals of benevolence.

fú huò xiāng yǐ 福祸相倚 Fortune and Misfortune Are Intertwined. 福与祸是相互依存的。“福祸”本义是福庆与灾祸，泛指吉凶、利弊、得失、好坏等对立的两个方面。中国古人认为，两个方面的对立关系是相对的，其间也有同一性，它们辩证地统一于事物的过程中，并随着事物的演变、条件的变化而相互转化，坏事可以引出好的结果，好事也可以引出坏的结果。这一辩证法提示人们，在好的形势下要防止坏的事情发生；在坏的形势下也要看到光明，并适时促其向好的方面转化。“物极必反”“居安思危”“塞翁失马，焉知非福”等思想与此辩证法不无关联。 Fortune and misfortune are intertwined. The term “fortune and misfortune” refers broadly to opposing aspects such as the auspicious and inauspicious, advantages and disadvantages, gains and losses, good and bad. The ancient Chinese believed that such opposing aspects are relative, and that they also

fóxìng 佛性 Buddhadhātu / Buddha-nature 指众生觉悟的可能性。佛教经典一般承认，一切众生都有觉悟成佛的可能性，此即佛性。从词义上说，佛性指佛的基本因子。而正由于这种基本条件的存在，凡夫才能通过累世累劫的修炼，达到完全觉悟的目标。常见的另一个概念“如来藏”（tathāgatagarbha），在解脱论的意义上与“佛性”几乎等同，只是侧重点有别，它特别指出众生自性本来清净、有待彰显的本质特性。 Buddha-nature is a latent seed or potentiality inherent to the sentient beings that may, once matured, result in the achievement of buddhahood. Buddhanature, or buddha element, is universally present in all sentient beings, thanks to which, those who can withstand the difficult engagement of (Buddhist) practice throughout their lives in

fěnɡyǒnɡ 讽咏 Chanting with Feeling 指的是中国古代阅读、欣赏诗歌的方法。讽，是抑扬顿挫地诵读；咏，指的是吟唱、歌唱。“讽咏”合起来就是指，诗歌要通过反复诵读、吟唱，逐渐感受其节奏、声韵，揣摩其内涵、情感，进而把握作者的作诗用意，甚至产生自己的见解。讽咏的方法，与中国古代诗歌具有较强的音乐性密切相关，不仅可以抑扬顿挫地诵读，而且可以用一定的旋律吟唱出来。 This term refers to the proper way of appreciating classic Chinese poetry in ancient times. Specifically, when reading a poem aloud, it was supposed to intone a poem with cadence; namely, by following a pattern of rising and falling tones with pauses in between. Through repeated chanting and recitals,

fēngshàn 封禅 Sacrificial Ceremony / An Ode to Sacrificial Ceremony 主要含义有二：其一，指古代帝王登上泰山，祭拜天地以报告成功、感谢天降祥瑞，同时刻石记功、向天下宣示受命于天的一种大典。其中在泰山顶上筑土为坛行祭天礼叫“封”，在梁父或云云等小山上辟除场地行祭地礼叫“禅”。传说中三皇五帝、禹、汤、周武王等都举行了封禅，秦以后只有秦始皇（前259—前210）、汉武帝（前156年—前87）、汉光武帝（前5—公元57）等在泰山举行封禅大典。其二，指封禅文，是古代劝告帝王封禅或记录封禅大典、歌颂功德的一种文体。由西汉司马相如（前179？—前118？）创制。南朝刘勰（465？—520）指出，封禅文作为一个时代的典章，体制庄重宏大、气势壮阔，应当纪事可靠、说理清晰、文辞典雅。为了歌颂帝王的伟大和天地的神奇，封禅文作者要从浩瀚典籍中选用古雅而不晦涩的词语，或者采用新颖而不肤浅的词语，要竭尽想象力和夸饰之能事。封禅文后来演变为庆典致辞以及记录各类庆典活动的文章。遵循刘勰提出的要求写作，庆典文章可以体现一个单位、地区乃至国家的精神与气度，而优秀的庆典致辞或记录庆典的诗文，也有可能成为代表时代水准的大手笔。 This term has two meanings. One is a grand sacrificial ceremony held in ancient times by an emperor after ascending to the top of Mount Taishan to pay tribute to heaven and earth, announce his achievements, thank gods for having brought him and his

fēnɡyú 丰腴 Plump Beauty 中国古代文学艺术的一种风格。“丰腴”一词，本指丰厚、丰富、丰满之意，在书法美学中，主要指笔墨饱满、圆熟润美，引申到诗歌创作中，主要指作品的内容丰富细腻，品味不尽。但仅有丰腴是不够的，只有将“丰腴”和“清癯”结合起来、相反相成，才体现中国古代诗歌及艺术美学的辩证法。宋代著名文学家苏轼（1037—1101）用“质而实绮，癯而实腴”八个字概括陶渊明（365？—427）的诗歌艺术特色，并给予了至高的评价，意思是说，陶渊明的诗歌在质朴中蕴含了华美，看起来清瘦而实际上内容丰富。 Plump beauty is a style prevalent in ancient Chinese literature and art. “Plump” here suggests abundance, richness and fullness. In calligraphic aesthetics, it refers to a state of chubbiness, maturity and lushness. When used in poetic creation, “plump” is associated with a poem’s richness in nuance and enduring appeal. However,

fánnǎo 烦恼 Kleśa / Affliction 佛教指众生身心受到扰乱而产生的迷惑、苦恼等精神状态。烦恼实质上是由错误认识所导致的精神上的自我束缚。凡夫在迷惑状态下，由于将自我妄执为实有，对事物产生贪恋，而以此为驱动力的种种行为，将产生业力并导致轮回。烦恼由此被视为束缚。最基本的烦恼有贪、嗔、痴三种，俗称“三毒”。佛教对烦恼有极其精微的分类，认为只有通过辨识烦恼，并一一对治，才能解除迷惑苦恼的状态。 In Buddhism, “affliction” refers to the confused or upset state of mind owing to the turbulence in one’s physical or mental being. It is actually a self-imposed bondage incurred by misunderstanding. A common man, due to his ignorance, takes his self as real and then attaches to things (to fulfill

fǎ zhě, suǒyǐ jìn bào ér shuài shànrén yě 法者，所以禁暴而率善人也 Law Is for Stopping Violence and Encouraging Good Behavior. 法是禁止横暴凶恶、引导民众向善的手段。它揭示了法与道德教化的一致性：法的目的在于惩恶扬善，具有道德性；法的实施具有示范性、导向性，即教育意义。这种关于法的观念具有普世意义。 Law is enacted to stop violence and evil and to encourage good behavior. This means law enforcement and moral education should go hand in hand. The purpose of the law is to punish evil and