nǐ wù lì xiàng 拟物立象 Image Creation Through Object Imitation 通过捕捉自然界和社会生活中具体事物的感性形象，加以模拟与提炼、概括，创造出艺术家心目中独有的艺术形象。这一创作理念来源于《周易》。《周易》用设立卦象象征天下的万事万物及其变化规律，启发了文学艺术通过具体的艺术形象对自然界与人类自身进行认识与表达。这种思维方式对中国古代文学、艺术理论产生了深远的影响，孕育了意象理论的产生。 This refers to the process in which an artist creates his unique artistic representations of concrete objects, found in the natural world and social life, by mimicking, refining, and synthesizing their perceptual images. This concept for artistic creation comes from The Book of Changes, […]

néng zì dé shī zhě wàng 能自得师者王 Eagerness to Learn Enables One to Excel Oneself. 能自己找到老师的人可以为王，意即能虚心向人学习的人才能有大作为。“王”（wànɡ）本指称王（wánɡ），即掌握国家最高权力，也可理解为干成大事业、实现大目标。这句话包含的道理有两层：其一，掌握权力的人，不要以势傲人，自以为是，而要虚怀若谷，礼贤下士，这样才能获得众人的辅佐，成就事业。其二，只有虚心好学，取人所长，才能不断丰富、提升自己，成为真正的强者。 Literally, this term means that a person who is able to find a teacher and is eager to learn may become a king. It indicates that a modest person who is eager to learn from others may accomplish great

nán-běi shūpài 南北书派 The Northern and Southern Schools of Calligraphy 中国书法的不同风格流派。宋代欧阳修（1007—1072）、赵孟坚（1199—1267），清代陈弈禧（1648—1709）、何焯（1661—1722）等人对南北书风之不同曾有过探讨，清代阮元（1764—1849）的《南北书派论》对此问题有更为明确而详备的阐述。他以为南北二派都出于钟繇（151—230）、卫瓘（220─291），索靖（239—303）为北派之祖。北派之书以碑为主，上承汉隶，能得古法，书风古朴；南派之书以帖为主，多不习篆、隶，尚真、行、草书，书风妍丽。 The Northern and Southern schools represent two distinctive styles of ancient Chinese calligraphy. Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) and Zhao Mengjian (1199-1267) of the Song Dynasty, and Chen Yixi (1648-1709) and He Zhuo (1661-1722) of the Qing explored the differences of these two styles. Later, Ruan

mù nèi tú wài 睦内图外 Unity Within and Expansion Without 先取得内部的和睦团结，再考虑向外扩张、发展。“睦内”，使内部亲近和顺、团结一致；“图外”本指对外用兵，泛指谋求对外扩张、发展，争取更大利益。内部建设和团结是对外开拓的必要前提和保障。大到一个国家，一个企业、一个组织、一个家庭，皆遵循此理。它体现了中国人以内为主、以和为贵的精神。 Only when a country has accomplished unity within can it be able to consider expansion and development outside. “Unity within” means that people live in amity and are united as one. “Expansion without” originally meant to start a war against a neighboring state. Now

méng yǐ yǎng zhèng 蒙以养正 Enlighten the Ignorant and Make Them Follow the Right Path 通过教育，使人摆脱蒙昧，归于正道。一说从童年开始就要施以正确的教育。“蒙”即蒙昧、幼稚、无知；“养”即培养、教育；“正”即正道或端正的品性。作为中华教育智慧，“蒙以养正”揭示了教育的功能和价值。 The ignorant should be enlightened through education so that they will follow the right path. This must begin from early childhood. Meng (蒙 ignorance) here refers to the naivety of the young and their lack of knowledge. Yang (养) means education.

mǎn zhāo sǔn, qiān shòu yì 满招损，谦受益 Complacency Leads to Failure; Modesty to Success. 骄傲自满会招致损害，谦虚谨慎会得到益处。“满”即自满、自负，自以为满足；“谦”即“敬”，由衷地恭顺谨慎。古人认为，一切都在不断的变化之中，优劣成败会转化；人要与时俱进，不断努力，不能满足于已经取得的成绩，裹足不前；要放低姿态，虚怀若谷，时时克服自身不足。小到一人，大到一国，皆如此。这与中华民族“自强不息”的精神息息相通。 Conceit and complacency cause failure whereas modesty and prudence bring success. Ancient Chinese believed that all things were in constant change, and advantages might turn into disadvantages, and vice versa. One should keep pace with the times, work hard and

lúnhuí 轮回 Saṃsāra / Rebirth / Reincarnation 一切众生在生死交替中如车轮转动不停。“轮回”思想假设灵魂不随肉体的坏灭而消灭，因而会在死生交替中反复受身，无有始终。在佛教产生之前的印度，轮回已是一种流行观念。由于轮回个体必须被动消受前世行为的后果，轮回被普遍认为是痛苦的。佛教思想的基本理路，就是将这种循环往复的生命过程理解为因果相续的序列，并且主张通过消灭原因可以达到消灭结果的目的，最终终止轮回，从其痛苦中解脱。 All beings ceaselessly move in the alternation of birth and death, like the turning of a wheel. The notion of the “turning of the wheel,” i.e., reincarnation, assumes that the soul does not follow the ruin and disappearance of the body. That is why it can ceaselessly

liànɡchū-zhìrù 量出制入 Spend-and-Tax / Expenditure Should Be Carefully Calculated Before Making a Plan to Gather Revenue. 测算支出，安排收入；预先估算国家每年需要的财政支出额度，按照所估算的支出额度确定财政收入的额度，并以此向百姓征收赋税。也说“量出为入”。这是中国人从汉代起便主张的财政原则，其中蕴含着财政预算概念的萌芽，颇得财政要领，为后世所推重。 A country must estimate its annual expenditure in advance, and, on this basis, determine the amount of revenue to be levied on the people. This is known as “spend-and-tax.” It is a fiscal principle followed by all rulers

lìshū 隶书 Clerical Script 汉字发展演变中的一种书体。亦称“隶字”“古书”。隶书由篆书简化演变而成，在笔画方面，它改篆书的圆转为方折；在结体方面，其字形多呈宽扁，横画长而竖画短，讲究“蚕头雁尾”“一波三折”。隶书相传为秦时小吏程邈所创，实际起源于战国，而程邈为这一书体的整理与定型起了至关重要的作用。与篆书相比，隶书的字形结构趋于简化，书写方式更为便捷。东汉时期普遍使用隶书，使这一书体的发展达到顶峰。魏晋时期也称隶书为“楷书”“正书”，实为似隶而体势多波磔的“八分”。 Clerical script is a variety of Chinese calligraphy during its evolution, also known as the “official script” or “ancient style of calligraphy.” It evolved from and was a simplification of seal script. In terms of execution of strokes, clerical script changed rounded turns to abrupt turns. Structurally, each character was

lì 利 Interests / Gain 利益，即对人与人群的生存、发展有利的各种因素。古人常以之与“义”对举。“利”分私利、公利。“私利”指个人、家庭或特定群体所谋求的利益，包括财货、声誉、权力、地位等因素。当私利与他者的利益发生冲突时，人们往往会以损害他者利益的方式来实现自身的利益。“公利”是全社会所享有的公共利益，主要指充足的人口、富足的财货、良好的社会秩序与道德教化。从不同角度、不同立场出发，中国古代各学派对“利”的诉求与态度表现出显著的差异。 Gain means all factors conducive to the survival and development of individuals and groups. The ancients often contrasted gain with righteousness. There is private and public gain. The former is related to individuals, their families or special groups, and consists of such things as goods, money, reputation, power and