tǐ 体 Ti “体”作为文艺学、美学范畴，主要含义有三：其一，指文学艺术的某一门类、流派、体式、作品区别于其他文学艺术门类、流派、体式、作品的整体特征。它是包含了文学艺术的体式、内容、语言、风格等诸要素在内所呈现出的总体形态与艺术特征。其二，指文学艺术作品的风格，不包括体式、形式等方面的内容。其三，指文学作品的基本样式，即文体或文学体制。历代文论家对文体的分类不尽相同，比如南朝萧统《文选》将文体分为38种。中国古代文学的文体丰富多样，各有自己的基本样式与写作要求，而风格即是作者的艺术个性在作品中的显现，有时也表现为一个时代、一个流派的文学特征。这一术语经常与人名、朝代名等结合，如骚体、陶体、建安体等，用来指称与作品风格相关的艺术特征并广泛运用于文艺批评与鉴赏中。 Ti (体) has three different meanings in the study of literature, art, and aesthetics. First, it refers to features that distinguish one particular category, form, or literary school from others. These features represent the overall form and artistic characteristics, including the structure, content, language, style, and other essential elements. Second, it […]

sìshū 四书 Four Books 《论语》《孟子》《大学》《中庸》等四部儒家经典的合称。《大学》《中庸》原是《礼记》中的两篇，在唐代以前，并没有引起人们的特别重视。随着唐宋以来儒学的复兴，《大学》《中庸》经过唐代韩愈、李翱的表彰，宋代二程、朱熹的推崇，被赋予了新的意义，其地位逐渐提升，与《论语》《孟子》并列，合称“四书”。朱熹所著《四书章句集注》确立了“四书”的经典地位。“四书”成为了宋明理学家创建、阐发自身思想的重要素材，对后世儒学的发展产生了深远影响。 This term refers collectively to the four Confucian classics: The Analects, Mencius, The Great Learning, and The Doctrine of the Mean. The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean originally were two sections of The Book of Rites, but before the Tang Dynasty they did not attract much attention.

sìhǎi 四海 Four Seas 全国各地或世界各地。古人认为中国的疆域四面环海，各依方位称“东海”“南海”“西海”和“北海”，合称“四海”。它蕴含着远古中国人关于中国和世界的地理图景：“九州”居“天下”之中，“天下”由“九州”及其周边“四海”组成，中国是“海内”，外国则是“海外”。在古人那里，“四海”大多统指天下，并不确指某个海域，有时用来指陆地四周的海，有时又指“四海”所环绕的陆地。 Four Seas refer to the territory of China or the entire world. The ancient Chinese believed that China was a land surrounded by Four Seas – the East, West, North, and South seas. The term suggests what the ancient Chinese conceived to be the map of China and the world:

sìduān 四端 Four Initiators 仁、义、礼、智四德的端始、萌芽。孟子认为仁、义、礼、智根于心。恻隐之心是仁之端，羞恶之心是义之端，辞让之心是礼之端，是非之心是智之端。“四端”是每一个人天生所具有的，是人之所以为人的本质特征。人只要充分扩充、发挥自己内心所固有的善端，就能够成就仁、义、礼、智四德，从而成为君子乃至圣人。 The four initiators are buds of four virtues: ren (仁), yi (义), li (礼), and zhi (智), or roughly benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom, which Mencius believed were all rooted in man’s mind. Commiseration is the initiator of benevolence. Shame is the initiator of righteousness. Deference is the initiator of propriety and a sense

sīwén 斯文 Be Cultured and Refined 即“文”或“人文”，包括礼乐教化、典章制度等，也即诗书、礼乐、法度等精神文明的创造以及与之相关的既有差等又有调和的社会秩序。“斯”，此，这个。后“斯文”连用，也用于指读书人或文人；又衍生出文雅之意，形容一种教养或风度。 Literally, the term means “this culture.” It encompasses the cultural and ethical progress created by rites, music, education, codes, and systems as well as a social order which is hierarchical but harmonious. Later, this term came to refer to the literati and extended to mean being cultured and

sī 思 Reflecting / Thinking 心所具有的思考与辨别的能力。儒家认为“思”是人心所独有的重要功能。心能“思”，因此可以不像耳目之官一样被外物牵引或遮蔽。人只有通过心之“思”，才能发现内在于心的道德品性的根基，并由此通达于“天道”，从而确立人之所以为人的本质。如果缺少“思”的工夫，人将丧失其主体性与独立性。 The term means the ability to reflect and evaluate. Confucian scholars considered this a unique quality of the human mind. By reflecting, a person will keep himself from being led astray or getting confused by what he sees or hears. Through reflecting, a person will discover the foundation of

shíshì-qiúshì 实事求是 Seek Truth from Facts 根据事物实际情况，正确地对待和处理问题。本指古人治学时注重事实，以求得出正确的见解或结论。后多指依据实际情况进行思考或表达，如实、正确地对待和处理问题。它既是一种关于思维或认识的方法论原则，也是一种做人的基本态度或伦理操守。其基本理念是求真、务实或诚实。 This term means handling things correctly according to realities of the situation.The term was originally used to describe the rigorous attitude of ancient Chinese scholars who paid great attention to acquiring solid facts in order to arrive at the correct understanding or conclusion. Later, it has come to

shī zhōnɡ yǒu huà, huà zhōnɡ yǒu shī 诗中有画，画中有诗 Painting in Poetry, Poetry in Painting 诗中有画意，画中有诗情。指诗歌与绘画作品所呈现出的审美意境融合相通的美学效果。语出苏轼《书摩诘〈蓝关烟雨图〉》。绘画是造型艺术，通过众多物象构成画面给人以审美感受；诗歌是语言艺术，通过文字营造意境给人以审美感受。前者是“无声有形”的艺术，后者是“有声无形”的艺术。这一术语旨在提倡“诗歌”与“绘画”的相互渗透与融合，进而创造出天然清新、具有“诗情画意”的审美境界。苏轼这一思想对后世文学与绘画艺术的发展有着深远的影响。 This expression highlights the connection between poetry and painting in their ability to create aesthetic imagery. This idea was first put forward by Su Shi in his “Notes to Wang Wei’s Painting of Mist and Rain over Languan.” Painting

shīshǐ 诗史 Historical Poetry 指诗歌的内容能够真实反映某一历史时期广阔的社会现实和重大的历史事件而具有“史”的价值。《诗经》有些诗篇反映当时历史，孔子据此提出《诗经》“可以观”，即包含了对《诗经》以诗征史的肯定，汉代学者很看重诗歌承载历史的功能。后来的诗论家大都强调优秀诗歌须将审美与反映现实结合起来，从而彰显诗歌的审美与认识、教育功能的统一。唐代诗人杜甫的诗歌被称作“诗史”，就是因为他的诗能够反映“安史之乱”时的真实社会，体现出深刻的忧国忧民之情。 This term refers to poetry that reflects social realities and major events of a historical period, thus possessing historical value. Some of the poems in The Book of Songs were about the realities of its time, which prompted Confucius to exclaim that “The Book of Songs enables one to understand society.” This

shīchū-yǒumínɡ 师出有名 Fighting a War with a Moral Justification 兴兵开战要有正当的名义或理由。泛指做事有正当的理由。它包含两层意思：其一，师直为壮，谓出兵理由正当，则士气旺盛，战斗力强，否则难以服众；其二，无故不得兴兵，防止因贪、怒而穷兵黩武。其核心在于强调战争的正义性。这是文明精神的体现。 To wage a war, one must have a legitimate cause, just as we ought to have such a reason in doing all things. The term has two meanings. The first is that moral justification is a source of strength when waging a war. With moral