shèjì 社稷 Sheji (Gods of the Earth and the Five Grains) 古代帝王、诸侯所祭祀的土地神和五谷神。“社”是土地神，“稷”是五谷神。土地神和五谷神是以农为本的汉民族最重要的原始崇拜物。古代君主为了祈求国事太平、五谷丰登，每年都要祭祀土地神和五谷神，“社稷”因此成为国家与政权的象征。 She (社) is the God of the Earth, and ji (稷 millet), represents the God of the Five Grains. Chinese kings and vassals of ancient times offered sacrifices to these gods. As the Han Chinese depended on farming, these gods were the most important […]

róngcái 镕裁 Refining and Deleting 对文学作品的基本内容与词句进行提炼与剪裁，使之达到更高的水准与境界。属于文学写作的基本范畴。最早由《文心雕龙》提出。主要指作者在写作过程中，根据所要表达的内容以及文体特点，对于创作构思中的众多素材加以提炼，同时对文辞去粗存精、删繁就简，以求得最佳表现效果。这一术语既强调文学写作的精益求精，同时也彰显了文学创作是内容与形式不断完善的过程。明清时期戏剧创作理论也颇受其影响。 This term refers to improving a literary work by refining its basic content and making the presentation concise. Refining and deleting is a basic process in literary writing. The term was first mentioned in The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons. It means that in producing a literary

rìxīn 日新 Constant Renewal 天天更新。努力使自身不断更新，使民众、社会、国家不断更新，持续进步、完善，始终呈现新的气象。它是贯穿在“修齐治平”各层面的一种自强不息、不断革新进取的精神。 This term refers to an ongoing process of self-renewal, which also brings new life to the people, society, and the nation. This process features continuous progress and improvement. It represents a tenacious and innovative spirit that permeates all levels of “self-cultivation, family regulation, state governance, bringing peace to all under

rén 仁 Ren “仁”的基本含义是爱人，进而达到人与人之间、天地万物之间一体的状态。“仁”既是道德行为的基础和依据，又是一种内在的与道德行为相应的心理意识。大体来说，“仁”有如下三重含义：其一，指恻隐之心或良心；其二，指根源于父子兄弟关系基础上的亲亲之德；其三，指天地万物一体的状态和境界。儒家将其作为最高的道德准则，并将“仁”理解为有差等的爱，即爱人以孝父母敬兄长为先，进而关爱其他家族成员，最终扩大为对天下之人的博爱。 The basic meaning of the term is love for others. Its extended meaning refers to the state of harmony among people, and the unity of all things under heaven. Ren (仁) constitutes the foundation and basis for moral behavior. It is also a consciousness that corresponds to the norms of moral

rénzhì 人治 Rule by Man 通过规范人伦关系、道德观念和其他价值系统来治理国家和民众（与“法治”相对），是中国古代儒家政治哲学中最重要的治国理念。这种理念强调人在政治中的根本地位和作用，希望君主具备圣贤的人格，选择有道德和有才干的人治理国家，教育和感化臣民。在中国历史上，这种治国理念通常伴随着一个理想的期待，即实现君、臣、民三者之间的和谐相处，也就是“仁政”。 Rule by man, as opposed to rule by law, is the most important ruling concept in the Confucian political philosophy in ancient China. It calls for ruling a state and its people through orderly human relations, moral standards, and other value systems. Rule by man emphasizes the fundamental role

rénwén-huàchéng 人文化成 Ren Wen Hua Cheng 根据社会文明的进展程度与实际状况，用合于“人文”的基本精神和原则教化民众，引导民心向善，最终实现有差等又有调和的社会秩序。“人文”指的是诗书、礼乐、法度等精神文明的创造；“化”是教化、教导（民众）并使之改变，“成”指社会文治昌明的实现。“人文化成”的核心在于强调文治，实际上是中华“文明”理想的又一表达形式。 The term is used to describe efforts to teach people essential ideals and principles of ren wen (人文) and guide them to embrace goodness with the aim of building a harmonious – albeit hierarchical – social order, according to the level of development of a civilization and the specifics

qù 趣 Qu 指文学艺术作品中所表现的作者的志趣、情趣、意趣等。作者的“趣”决定他们对自然、人生的独特体验和理解，以及对作品主题的选择和作品的表现风格。“趣”是作品中无形的精神韵味，通过审美活动而体现出它的价值与品位高下。 Qu is the aspirations, emotions, and interests expressed in the work of a writer or artist. His pursuit of qu determines his unique perception and comprehension of nature and life. It also determines what theme he chooses for his work and how he gives expression to it. Qu is invisible but manifests its

qíngjǐng 情景 Sentiment and Scenery 指文学作品中摹写景物与抒发情感的相互依存和有机融合。“情”指作者内心的情感，“景”为外界景物。情景理论强调二者的交融，情无景不立，景无情不美。是宋代以后出现的文学术语，相对于早期的情物观念，情景理论更加重视景物摹写与情感抒发、创作与鉴赏过程的互相依赖与融为一体。 This term refers to the mutual dependence and integration of an author’s description of scenery and objects, and his expression of feelings in his literary creation. Qing (情) is an author’s inner feelings, and jing (景) refers to external scenery or an object. The theory of sentiment and scenery

qíng 情 Qing “情”有三种不同含义：其一，泛指人的情感、欲望。“情”受外物感动而发，是人的自然本能，不是后天习得的。其二，特指人的某些情感、欲望，通常被规定为好、恶、喜、怒、哀、乐等六者，或喜、怒、哀、惧、爱、恶、欲等七者。前者也被称作“六志”或“六情”，后者被称作“七情”。其三，指情实或实情。对于前两个意义上的“情”，历代学者持有不同态度，或主张抑制“情”，或承认“情”的合理性而加以引导和安处。 The term has three different meanings. First, it means human emotions and desires, referring to the natural and instinctive reaction to external circumstances, not a learned response. Second, it refers to specific human emotions and desires, commonly known as the six human emotions: love, hatred, happiness, anger, sadness, and joy, or

qì 气 Qi (Vital Force) 独立于主观意识之外的物质实体，是构成一切有形之物的原始物质材料，同时也是生命和精神得以发生和存在的基础。此外，某些思想家还为“气”赋予了道德属性。“气”没有具体的形状，永远处于运动变化之中。“气”的凝聚意味着事物的生成，“气”的消散意味着事物的消亡。“气”贯通于所有有形之物的内外。哲学意义上的“气”与常识性的“气体”概念不同，“气体”指各种非液体、非固体的存在；而从哲学层面来看，液体、固体既是有形之物，其生成、存在也是“气”凝聚的结果。 Qi (vital force) has a material existence independent of subjective consciousness and is the basic element of all physical beings. It is also the basis for the birth and existence of life and spirit. In addition, some thinkers have given a moral attribute to qi. Qi is in constant motion and