kējǔ 科举 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. kējǔ 科举 The Imperial Civil Examination System 通过分科考试选用官吏的制度。隋文帝统一中国后，废除以门第、品级为主的选人制度。隋炀帝大业元年（公元605年）正式开科取士。历代科举，在考试科目、内容、录取规则上均有变化。各科之中，以进士科最难，也最为士人所重。元明以后，考试内容以《四书》《五经》文句命题，答题是写一篇文章，格式为八股文，观点需以《四书集注》等为依据。1905年光绪皇帝下诏废科举。科举制促进了贵族政治向官僚政治的转换，同时兼具教育、选官、考试、社会分层、文化传承等多种功能。它是隋朝以后1300年间中国最主要的“选举”方式，对中国社会发生的影响是极其深广的。 This is the system in which officials […]

jiǔzhōu 九州 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. jiǔzhōu 九州 Nine Zhou (Regions) 中国的别称。《尚书·禹贡》中将中国划分为九州，分别是冀州、兖州、青州、徐州、扬州、荆州、豫州、梁州、雍州。同时代或稍后的典籍《周礼》《尔雅》《吕氏春秋》等有关“九州”的说法大同小异。“九州”作为行政区划在历史上并未真正实行过，但它反映了春秋末期以来中华先民栖息生活的大致上的地理范围。 This term is an alternative designation for China. According to The

jiàohuà 标题 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. jiàohuà 教化 Shaping the Mind Through Education 指教育和感化。是中国古代重要的政治理念和治国方法。当政者一般通过行政命令、道德教育、环境影响、通俗读物传播、科举考试等诸种有形和无形的手段的综合运用，将主流价值观潜移默化地向民众普及，使之深入民众的日常活动之中，从而实现政治与风俗的合二为一。 Shaping the mind through education was a

jiāngshān 江山 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. jiāngshān 江山 Rivers and Mountains / Country or State Power 本义指河流和山岭，代指一个国家的政权及其所覆盖的全部疆域（义同“河山”）。这种用法隐含着这样的观念：河流、山岭地形险要，是卫护国家安全、政权稳固的天然屏障；疆域是国家的构成要素。 The term, similar in

jīlǐ 肌理 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. jīlǐ 肌理 Reasoning and Structure 本义指肌肉的纹理，引申指事物细密的条理。作为文学术语由清代翁方纲首先提出，兼指义理与文理两方面：义理是诗歌所阐述的道理或事理，主要指合乎儒家的思想和学问；文理是诗歌的条理或脉理，主要指诗歌的结构、格律和各种创作技法。明清以来，性灵派倡导文学抒发个体性情，摒弃教化；神韵派赞美诗歌意境的空灵玄虚。翁方纲反对这两种诗学主张，推崇宋诗的创作原则与方法，强调诗歌在义理上以经义为准绳，以学问为根底；文理上强调精细缜密，形式雅丽、穷形极变但要内容充实。清代乾嘉时期经学和考据之学盛行，肌理派就是在此背景下形成的诗派。翁方纲宣扬诗歌内容和形式的有机联系，推动了学人诗派的发展，但他一味鼓吹以学问考证作诗，受到同时代及后代文艺批评家的批评。 The term originally refers to the texture of muscle,

huái yuǎn yǐ dé 怀远以德 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. huái yuǎn yǐ dé 怀远以德 Embrace Distant States by Means of Virtue

Huaxia 华夏 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. huáxià 华夏 Huaxia 古代居住于中原地区的汉民族先民的自称。最早称“华”“诸华”或“夏”“诸夏”。“华夏”实际表达的是以汉民族为主体的中原先民对其共同的生活、语言、文化特征的一种认同和传承。秦建立以华夏为主体的统一的多民族国家以后，华夏才成为比较稳定的族群。自汉代以后，华夏又有了“汉”这一名称与之并用。后来华夏进一步引申为指中国或汉族。 The forefathers of the Han people living in the Central Plains

gédiào 格调 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. gédiào 格调 Form and Melody 指诗歌的体制声调，包括思想旨趣和声律形式两方面，涉及诗歌批评的品味与境界。“格”指诗歌的体制合乎规范；“调”指诗歌的声调韵律。唐宋时期的一些诗论家倡导格调，意在确立诗歌的雅正标准。明清以后的格调说，多强调作品应符合儒家正统思想，这影响了诗人的情感表达与艺术创作。“格调”后来也用到其他文艺领域。 The term refers to the form and metrical patterns,

fùbǐxīng 赋比兴 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. fùbǐxīng 赋比兴 Narrative, Analogy, and Association 《诗经》创作的三种表现手法。“赋”是铺陈事物直接叙述；“比”是类比；“兴”是先言他物以引出所咏之词，有两层含义，一是即兴感发，二是在感发时借客观景物婉转地表达出某种思想感情。“赋比兴”为汉代儒家所总结和提出，后来演变为中国古代文学创作的基本原则和方法。 These are the three ways of expression employed

fěngyù 讽谕 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. fěngyù 讽谕 Subtle Admonition 指文学作品借用一定事例或思想，含蓄婉转地向统治者传达民情民风、批评时政，从而使统治者能够接受讽谏，革除政弊。“讽”是指讽谏、劝诫，要求诗文中的批评语言含蓄婉转，“谕”是晓谕、表明，文章主旨最终要归结为劝鉴、批评。也就是说，它实际包含密不可分的两方面：一是文学的表达方式（“讽”要婉转含蓄），二是文学的社会功能（“晓谕”统治者）。“讽谕说”由汉代学者解释《诗经》时总结提出，儒家以此倡导文学对朝廷教化和社会民风的干预作用，将其视为文学的特殊使命。唐代诗人白居易大量创作讽谕诗，强化诗歌创作的社会功能，推进了这一文学传统，对后世文学创作影响很大。 The term refers to the use of allegories to convey