December 2022

biàntǐ 辨体 Style Differentiation 辨明文学作品的体式与风格。指创作时根据所要表达的思想感情选择合适的文学体式与风格，从而创作出内容与形式高度和谐一致的优秀作品。古代的文学家在从事文学创作时往往首先考虑文章的体式。魏晋南北朝时的文学批评家们详尽探讨了各种文体的艺术特征和艺术规律，强调创作者应根据思想感情表达的需要选择相应的文体进行写作，并应严格遵守所选文体的创作风格、语言形式与表达技巧，这样才能写出优秀的作品。与之相对的是“破体”，指打破各类文章体式与风格的界限，使之相互融合。“辨体”有时也指辨别与追求高尚的文学品格与境界。 The term refers to the differentiation of the form and style of a literary work. It means that before putting words on paper, one needs to decide on the form and style appropriate to the thoughts and feelings to be expressed so as to produce a fine literary work with […]

bǐdé 比德 Virtue Comparison 用自然物包括动植物的某些特性比附人的道德品格。引申到文学审美领域，一般是用美好的事物直接比喻高尚的人格精神，将自然现象看作是人的某些精神品质的表现和象征，体现出儒家将审美与文艺道德化的思维模式。人比德于自然，意味着对自然的欣赏其实就是对人自身特别是人所具有的伦理品格的欣赏。后成为修辞与诗歌创作的一种方式。 The term means likening certain characteristics of things in nature, including plants and animals, to human virtues. When extended to the domain of literary appreciation, it generally involves likening desirable objects to a noble personality. To perceive a natural phenomenon as a reflection or symbol of human characteristics is typical

běnsè 本色 Bense (Original Character) 原义指本来的颜色，引申指本来的样子、面貌。作为文学批评术语，主要有三种含义：其一，指符合文体规定的艺术特色和风貌；其二，指符合作家艺术个性的特色和风貌；其三，指作品中真率自然地贴近生活原貌、表达自己真实思想或感情的风格。本色不仅是对作者的要求，也是对作品的要求。宋代文论中，本色多用于评述文体的特性；明清文论中，本色多指诗人作家的个性风格，也用来倡导不加雕饰地贴近生活原貌的创作风格。“本色”常与“当行”连用，相当于“本真”，往往与道家自然之道的思想相联系，用来反对过分雕琢的创作态度与作品风格。 The term originally referred to true colors and has been extended to mean true appearance. As a term of literary critique, bense (本色) has three meanings: 1) the artistic style and literary features that are compatible with a given genre; 2) the style and literary features that remain true to

bāɡuà 八卦 Eight Trigrams 由“—”（阳爻）和“–”（阴爻）每三个一组合成的一套符号系统。三“爻”合成一卦，共有八种组合，故称“八卦”。“八卦”的名称分别是乾（）、坤（）、震（）、巽（）、坎（）、离（）、艮（）、兑（）。古人认为“八卦”象征着自然或社会中的一些基本事物或现象，其基本的象征意义分别是天、地、雷、风、水、火、山、泽。古人借由“八卦”彼此之间的交互演变及其象征意义，来理解和阐发自然与社会的运行变化及其法则。 Each of the eight trigrams consists of three lines and each line is either divided (–) or undivided (—), representing yin or yang respectively. The eight trigrams are: qian (), kun (), zhen (), xun (), kan (), li (), gen (), and dui (). According to the ancient Chinese, the eight trigrams symbolized basic things and phenomena

āntǔ-zhònɡqiān 安土重迁 Attached to the Land and Unwilling to Move 安于故土生活，不轻易迁往他处。这是传统农业社会一般民众普遍具有的一种思想观念和情感。其实质，首先是离不开土地，因为土地是农业社会人们赖以生产、生活的基本资源；其次是离不开祖宗坟茔和血亲家族，因为传统中国是宗法制社会，祖宗崇拜是基本信仰，聚族而居是社会常态。此外，离开自己生于斯长于斯的环境和社会，人们会感到不便或不安。这种思想观念和情感偏于消极或保守，但也体现了人们热爱家乡、热爱土地、热爱亲人、热爱和平的纯良品格。 Feeling attached to the native land and reluctant to move to another place. This was a widespread way of thinking and sentiment among the common people in a traditional agricultural society. In essence, it is because they depended on the land to make a

zōngfǎ 宗法 Feudal Clan System 中国古代以家族为中心，按血统、嫡庶来组织、治理家族、国家、社会的原则、方法。宗法由父系氏族的家长制演化而来，定型于西周，与封建制等互为表里。宗法分为家国两个层面，在家的层面，宗族的嫡长子是家族的嫡系继承人，拥有家族的最高权力，其余家族成员依据亲疏、世系各自确定其在家族中的地位和权力。帝王公侯或者世家大族的宗族等级制扩展到国家的层面，对于王位继承与国家政治具有决定性的作用。宗法制数千年来对中国人的生活方式、思维方式影响深远。 This system was central to life in ancient China; it was a system of principles and measures by which a clan, a state, or society was run, based on bloodline or whether a son was born from the wife or a concubine. The feudal clan system evolved from the

zìrán yīngzhǐ 自然英旨 Charm of Spontaneity 在诗歌创作中不假雕饰地呈现自然万物之美和人的真情实感。“英旨”本义是美好的滋味，用为文学术语，指诗歌美妙的内容和意境。南朝钟嵘在《诗品序》中，要求诗人用自己的语言直接抒写思想感情，反对借用前人的诗句来吟咏自己的情志，批评五言诗创作中过度讲究辞藻和声律，认为符合“自然英旨”的创作才是最为珍贵的诗歌作品。后世文论中的“自然”“天真”等词传承了上述内涵。 This term means poetry creation should present the unembellished beauty of nature and the genuine sentiments of human beings. The original meaning of yingzhi (英旨) is good taste. Used as a literary term, however, it refers to charming content and imagery in poetry. In “Preface to ‘The Critique of Poetry,’” Zhong

zìrán 自然 Naturalness 事物的本来状态，旨在与“人为”的意义相区别。哲学意义上的“自然”的概念，与常识性的“自然界”的概念不同。在日常语义中，“自然界”指人与社会之外的物质世界，这一领域是不受人为干扰的。但从哲学层面来看，人与社会也有其“自然”状态。在政治哲学领域，“自然”特指百姓在不受行政教化干预的情况下自己而然的状态。道家主张，君主治理国家应遵循、顺应百姓的“自然”状态。 The term refers to the primordial state of things, unaffected by the various meanings imposed on it by man. The concept of naturalness in philosophy is different from that of nature in the ordinary sense. In daily language, the term refers to the physical world, which is independent of human interference,

zǐ zhī duó zhū 紫之夺朱 Purple Prevailing over Red 指社会生活与文学艺术等领域以邪乱正、真伪混淆的现象。朱指红色，古人认为是正色，而紫色则看作杂色，“夺”是胜过的意思。孔子对于在春秋时期出现邪正不分、淫靡的音乐取代雅正音乐的现象十分反感，提出要加以正本清源、拨乱反正。南朝刘勰借此批评有的作者在文章写作上背离了儒家经典，迎合人们的猎奇心理。后世以此倡导确立儒家的文学标准与规范。 This refers to evil prevailing over good and falsehood being mistaken for truth in literature and art as well as in social life. It is red, not purple, that was viewed as a truly proper color by the ancient Chinese. Confucius, upset by the loss

zīwèi 滋味 Nuanced Flavor 诗歌中能够使欣赏者反复回味的意蕴，实即诗歌美感。南朝诗论家钟嵘在《诗品》中提出，五言诗歌创作时应重视内容与形式的配合，从而使欣赏者在品读中回味无穷。后来“滋味”也指从事文艺创作时的一种趣味。 This term refers to an effect that allows lasting satisfaction and rewarding in poetry appreciation, which is a particular sense of beauty offered by poetry. In the Southern Dynasties, poetry critic Zhong Rong proposed in “The Critique of Poetry” that in writing five-character-per-line poems, one should pay special attention to the