December 2022

yǐ guó wéi guó, yǐ tiān xià wéi tiān xià 以国为国，以天下为天下 Rule a State or a Country with Different Methods 以治国的方法治国，以治天下的方法治天下。管子认为，治理者不能拿治理“家”的方法直接用于治“乡”，不能拿治“乡”的方法直接用于治“国”（诸侯国），也不能拿治“国”的方法直接用于治“天下”（天子的统治范围）。而必须随着治理范围的变化而调整治理方法；必须随着治理范围的扩大，开拓自己的视野和胸襟。而在现代语境下，“国”可理解为国家，“天下”可理解为世界。 To rule a state, use the methods for governing a state. To rule a country, use the methods for governing a country. Guanzi held that a ruler must not use the methods for governing […]

yī huà 一画 All Forms of Painting as Multiplied from a Single Stroke / Oneness in Painting 字面义指绘画用的线条，实际指绘画艺术的根本法则，亦为宇宙一切事物生成发展的普遍法则。由清代画家石涛提出，其具体含义今人有不同理解。石涛借鉴老子学说及禅宗的理论（或说取自伏羲从阴阳一画创制八卦，进而创建文明世界），认为宇宙万物都生成于原始的“一”，画家笔下的有形万物，亦由“一”创生并贯之以“一”。在石涛那里，“一”指“无”，绘画就是从“无”创生有形物象的过程；“一”又指“道”，既是绘画之“道”，又是宇宙万物之“道”，两者相通合“一”；“一”还是蕴含、贯通于各种绘画手法的普遍法则，画家笔下的每一笔、每一根线条都体现着这一普遍法则。“一画论”包含“一”与“道”、与“无”、与“有”、与“多”等多重关系，有着丰富的哲学意蕴和艺术思想。这一术语后来成为中国传统美学思想、画论的重要范畴。 While this literally means “lines employed in painting,” it is used to refer to the fundamental rules guiding the art of painting and, furthermore, to the universal laws of the formation and development of everything in the

yě wú yí xián 野无遗贤 No Sagacious Person Ignored 民间没有遗漏不用的贤人，但凡德才兼备的人都能为国所用。这是古人“尚贤”理念的具体体现。中国自古注重任人唯贤，人尽其才，认为这是实现国家良好治理状态的重要保障。察举制、科举制等中国古代各种人才“选举”制度，都是基于这种理念而建立的。“野无遗贤”也被认为是国家良好治理状态的标志之一。 When no sagacious person was ignored, all men with virtue and talent were employed by the government. This is a demonstration of the ancient concept of “holding man of sagacity in high esteem.” Since ancient times, China has emphasized that people should be appointed to

yánɡ zhōu bā ɡuài 扬州八怪 The Magical Eight Painters of Yangzhou 清代康熙到乾隆年间，活跃于扬州一带的八位画家，因其个性独特、画风怪诞，被称为“八怪”。一般指汪士慎（1686—1762？）、李鱓（shàn，1686—1762）、金农（1687—1763）、黄慎（1687—1768后）、高翔（1688—1753）、郑燮（1693—1765）、李方膺（1695—1754）、罗聘（1733—1799）等八人，亦有其他说法。他们多为失意官吏或无功名的文人，借书画表现心中不平，作画不拘成法，反对正统画风，在题画诗、书法、篆刻创作领域锐意创新，成就卓著，被当时人视为“偏师”“怪物”，“扬州八怪”由此而得名。他们对近代画家如陈师曾（1876—1923）、齐白石（1864—1957）等产生了很大影响。 These were the eight outstanding artists active in the Yangzhou area during Qing Emperors Kangxi’s and Qianlong’s reigns. They boasted unique personalities and magical styles of painting. Their names are: Wang Shishen(1686-1762?), Li Shan (1686-1762), Jin Nong (1687-1763), Huang Shen (1687-1768?), Gao Xiang

xiū jǐ ān rén 修己安人 Cultivate Oneself to Benefit Others 修养自己，使人安乐。“修己”即努力使自己的才能、德性等各方面不断提升，实现完满境界，达于“内圣”；“安人”即发挥自己的才能、德性，建立事功，惠及他人，达于“外王”。这是孔子对于“君子”概念的界说，也是儒家道德政治理论的简约表达。 “Cultivating oneself” means taking pains to elevate one’s talent and virtue constantly to achieve perfection, thus inwardly becoming a sage. “Benefiting others” means displaying one’s own talent and virtue to make contributions to society and benefit others, thus outwardly becoming a person like a

xiōng dì xì yú qiáng, wài yù qí wǔ 兄弟阋于墙，外御其侮 Brothers Quarrel within the Walls of the Home; Outside They Resist Bullying by Others. 兄弟虽然在家里争吵，但能一致抵御外人的欺侮。“阋”，争吵；“墙”，门屏，指家里。多用来比喻内部虽有分歧、冲突，但能团结起来抵抗外来侵略。它是中华民族家国情怀的典型表达式，近现代以后成为中国自我意识觉醒的标志。 Although brothers may quarrel at home, they always stick together to resist bullying by outsiders. This refers to people who have internal conflicts and disputes can still put together to

xìng wú shàn wú è 性无善无恶 Human Nature Is Neither Good nor Evil. 人性无所谓善与恶。“性无善无恶”之说是古代的一种人性论观点，告子即主张此说。这里所言人性，指人天生所具有的属性。在告子看来，人天生所具有的仅仅是对于外物的生理上的诉求，如食色之欲等。这样的本性并不具有道德含义，是无所谓善恶的。人之善恶是后天人为塑造、影响而成的。受到好的影响即可以为善，而在不好的环境中即会为恶。 Human nature has nothing to do with good or evil, which is a view held by ancient Chinese people. The philosopher Gaozi was one of the advocates of this “neither good nor evil” theory. Here, human nature refers to the in-born

xìng shàn è hún 性善恶混 Human Nature Is A Mixture of Good and Evil. 人性善恶混杂。“性善恶混”之说是古代的一种人性论观点。该说认为，人性既非全善，也非全恶，而是善恶并存。人之为善或为恶，取决于后天的修养。因此，在“性善恶混”的观念之下，学习和教化成为塑造良好德行的关键。 Human nature is a mixture of good and evil. This is a view of human nature held by ancient Chinese people. According to this theory, human nature can neither be all good nor all evil, but instead good and evil

xìng sān pǐn 性三品 Human Nature Has Three Levels. 人性分为三个等级。“性三品”说是古代的一种人性论观点。该说认为，人的本性是不同的，分为上、中、下三个等级。上品之人性善，下品之人性恶。中间之人，本性或无善无恶，或善恶相混。有些人认为，人天生所具有的人性等级，尤其是上下二品，是不可改易的。也有人主张，后天的教化可以改变人性，甚至超越固有的品级。 Human nature may be categorized as having three levels. This is a view of human nature held by ancient Chinese people. According to this theory, different people have different inherent natures, which can be divided into upper, middle and lower levels. People of the upper

háng shū 行书 Running Script 介于草书和楷书之间的一种书法艺术形态。它保留了隶书的基本结构，以自然连笔、书写流畅便捷、容易辨识为主要特征。一般认为行书起源于东汉刘德升，盛行于魏晋。行书有“行进”和“行云流水”的意思，它没有固定的形态和写法，不属于一种独立的字体，适合于任何书写工具，不同人的书写各有特色。东晋王羲之（303—361，一作307—365，又作321—379）的《兰亭集序》、颜真卿（708—784）的《祭侄季明文稿》、苏轼（1037—1101）的《寒食帖》是三大行书法帖典范，风格鲜明，具有极高的审美价值。 Running script is a calligraphic form between cursive script and regular script. A Chinese character written in the style of running script retains the basic structure of characters written in official script. Running script features smoothly-linked strokes, and the characters written in this style are easy to recognize. Generally,