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jīnwén 金文 Bronze Script 金文是商周时期铸刻在青铜器上的铭文，是在甲骨文基础上发展起来的一种文字。古代青铜器的种类很多，一般分为礼器与乐器两大类，乐器以钟为代表，礼器以鼎为代表，故前人将钟鼎作为古代青铜器的总称，因此金文也称为“钟鼎文”。金文应用的年代起于商代，盛行于周代，下至秦灭六国，计有800多年。据统计，金文有3700多字，其中能认识的字有2420个，较甲骨文略多。金文的内容多是关于当时祀典、赐命、诏书、征战、围猎、盟约等活动或事件的记录，反映了当时的社会生活。 Bronze script refers to writings inscribed on bronze ware in the Shang and Zhou dynasties; it was developed from inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells. There were many sub-types of bronze ware in ancient China, but they were roughly under two main categories: sacrificial vessels and musical instruments. Sacrificial vessels […]

jiànwēi-zhīzhù 见微知著 Learn About What Is Forthcoming by Observing Tiny Clues 发现细微苗头，就能知道事物的演变趋势或整体状态。“微”即隐微、不明，指事物尚处于不易被察觉的潜在状态；“著”即显著、明显，指事物的本质已经充分显现或事物的发展已处于充分展开的状态。任何事物都有一个由隐而显、由小变大的过程，其间还可能引发其他连锁反应。做任何事情，都要深刻认识、精准把握事物演变的内在规律，既要着眼全局，又要关注细微处，提前防范可能出现的差错、问题，保障行动顺利进行。其中隐含着对于科学认知的诉求。 By finding tiny signs of change, one is able to learn about trends and developments in the status of things. Tiny things are unobtrusive and hard to notice. But they may later cause very obvious consequences. Everything goes from being hidden to being

jiāntīng 兼听 Listen to Both Sides 广泛听取各种意见。“兼”有俱、同时之义。领导者在决策之前，一定要广泛听取各种意见，综合、吸纳其中的合理部分。它被认为是贤明领导者的基本特质之一。它要求领导者站在公正的立场上，无偏无私，虚怀若谷。这样，各方都能畅所欲言，提出合理建议，而领导者也能集思广益，权衡利弊，从而保障决策的正确和施策的畅通。 It means to listen to diverse points of view. Before making decisions, leaders must listen to all kinds of opinions and synthesize them so as to extract the most sensible arguments. That is deemed a basic characteristic of a wise and worthy leader. To do so, a leader

jiǎgǔwén 甲骨文 Inscriptions on Bones or Tortoise Shells 商周时期用于占卜记事而刻在龟甲或兽骨上的文字，又称“契文”“甲骨卜辞”“殷墟文字”，是中国迄今为止发现的最古老文字，距今有三千多年。甲骨文最初出土于河南安阳的小屯村殷墟，一般认为由晚清金石学家王懿荣（1845—1900）于1899年最早发现。商周时期，王室及贵族上自国家大事，下至私人生活，如祭祀、气候、收成、征伐、田猎、病患、生育等等，无不向上天卜问，以占卜结果决定行止。占卜是国家政治生活中的一件大事，有刻辞的甲骨，会被作为国家档案保存起来。目前已出土的甲骨达十万余片，发现的甲骨文单字约4500个，其中能认识的字约1700个。甲骨文已经有较严密的系统，汉字的“六书”造字法在甲骨文中都有所体现，而且有大批形声字产生。甲骨卜辞也是今天研究商周时期历史的第一手资料。 Such inscriptions include oracles and events recorded on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang and Zhou dynasties. They are also known as “script chiseled out with a knife,” “oracles on bones or tortoise shells,” or “script from Yin ruins.” They are the earliest known characters

hé shí shēng wù 和实生物 Harmony Begets New Things. 不同的事物相互调和生成新的事物。由西周末年的周太史史伯提出。史伯认为，不同的事物在和谐共处中可以相互补充、相互辅助，从而生成新的事物。这一原则体现在政治治理中，即要求为政者保全并发挥不同人、物的特质，从而促进新事物的生成、增益与社会整体的发展。 The notion that harmony begets new things was advanced by Grand Astrologer Shibo in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. He believed different things, when coexisting in harmony, would complement each other and beget new things. When applied to political governance, this concept requires those in

hé 和 Harmony 不同事物之间的和谐共处。古人认为，不同事物的共处及事物间稳定秩序的形成，不能通过消除事物之间的差异来实现，而应在尊重和保全个体差异的基础上，寻求事物之间的和谐共处，这就叫“和”。在“和”的状态下，不同事物可以发挥其各自的特质，相互补充、相互辅助，激发个体乃至整体的活力。 The ancient Chinese believed that coexistence of different things and a stable order among them could not be realized by eliminating their differences; such coexistence could be achieved only by seeking to get along in harmony on the basis of respecting and preserving individual differences. That is what is meant by

hàoshēng 好生 Cherish Life 爱惜生命，爱惜百姓。中国古人认为，使万物生生不息，是天地的美德；喜爱生存，厌恶死亡，是人之常情。因此，执政者对百姓的生命要多加爱惜，如：不轻易动用极刑，不轻易发动战争，为百姓兴利除害，使百姓安居乐业，等等。“好生之德”是执政者应该具有的美德，也是执政者应该坚守的原则。这一理念与“爱民”“爱人为大”相通，但更进一层，它为治国理政提供了生命哲学基础，它也是人们力行“恕”道、宽以待人的基础理念，中医的人文理论也常以此为基点。 This term means to cherish life and cherish the people. The ancient Chinese believed that the beauty of the natural world lies in its enabling all living creatures to perpetuate themselves, and the universal sentiment of human beings is to cherish life and abhor death. Therefore those who govern must

gōngsī 公私 Public and Private 两种相对的生活领域或行事原则。“公”与“私”大体上包含着两个层面的含义：其一，就生活领域而言，“私”指个人的或个人所属群体之内的生活领域，“公”则是在“私”的界限之外的公共领域。不同生活领域之中存在着不同的秩序原则，彼此之间往往存在冲突。其二，在行事原则的意义上，“私”是以谋求个人或个人所属群体的利益为根本目标的，“公”则是对自私自利原则的超越，体现着天下的公义。 These refer to two different spheres of life and sets of principles for doing things. As far as the spheres of life is concerned, being “private” refers to the life of an individual or group of individuals. Whereas being “public” refers to the public realm beyond these narrow concerns.

gèn 艮 Gen (Mountain) “八卦”之一，画为“☶”。“艮”又为“六十四卦”之一，由两个三画的“艮”卦组成，画为“䷳”。在“八卦”系统中，“艮”卦的基本象征意义是山。山峦静止，故有终止、成就万物之义。“艮”卦由一个阳爻和两个阴爻组成，属于阳卦，在人伦领域象征男性。“艮”卦中的阳爻居于上位，象征家中最小的儿子。 This is one of the eight trigrams, bundled together in the shape of ☶. It is also one of the 64 hexagrams, composed of two trigrams like this ䷳. In the eighttrigram system, it symbolizes the mountain. The mountain is still, meaning that everything can be brought to a conclusion and