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kuàngdá 旷达 Broad-mindedness / Unconstrained Style 指诗歌作品中所体现的超然物外、旷放通达的胸襟和艺术风格。是作者通达的人生观及平和心态与作品艺术形象的高度融合。具有旷放性情的作者，多因世事坎坷或社会动乱而落魄或退隐，往往以诗文抒写胸臆，反映在诗歌作品中，既有对世事物情超旷出尘的人生警悟，也有愤世嫉俗、傲岸不羁的真情流露。它的渊源可以追溯到儒家有为和道家顺其自然的思想及魏晋名士超尘脱俗、开朗达观的人生态度。既不逃避世俗，也不贪恋名利，事理通达，心境开阔。唐代司空图将其提升为一个诗学、美学术语，强调作品风格与作者心态及人生观的统一，意在倡导一种超脱旷达的人生观与审美心态。 The term means broad-mindedness and a totally unconstrained artistic style in poetic works. It presents a perfect union of the author’s outlook on life, his peaceful mind, and the artistic form of his work. A broad-minded writer was often disheartened, who went into seclusion, caused either by frustrations […]

kōnglíng 空灵 Ethereal Effect 指文学艺术作品中所呈现的飘逸灵动的艺术境界与风格。与“充实”相对。空灵并非空虚无物，它并不脱离具体的物象描写，而是通过有限的艺术形象达到无限的艺术意境，追求一种象外之意、画外之情，给人留下想象发挥的空间，如诗文中不着形迹、不堆砌辞藻和意象，绘画中较少使用浓墨重彩等。空灵用笔洗练，重在传达神韵，具有空灵特点的作品澄澈透明、飘逸灵动，能使人体悟到自由超脱的审美愉悦。 This refers to an open, free, and flexible style of a work of art; it is the opposite of a “densely packed” work of art. Ethereal effect does not mean sheer emptiness; it does not completely avoid imagery, nor does it entirely avoid natural description. Rather its aim is to

jìnxīn 尽心 Exert One’s Heart / Mind to the Utmost 充分体认和发挥内心固有的善端。“尽心”是由孟子提出的一种道德修养方法。“尽心”需要发挥心所具有的思考能力，发现人心中固有的善端，并将其作为人之所以为人的本质特征，进而充分培养、发挥心中的善端，最终实现仁、义、礼、智的德行。心中的善端是天赋予人的本性，因此通过“尽心”就能够知晓人的本性，并通达于天。 “Exerting one’s mind to the utmost” means one should fully understand and extend one’s innate goodness. It is a way of moral cultivation advocated by Mencius. To do so, one needs to develop one’s capability of thinking, discover the goodness inherent in the mind

jiàngǔ-zhījīn 鉴古知今 Review the Past to Understand the Present 以过去、历史为镜鉴，可以了解现在并预知未来。也说“鉴往知来”“知古鉴今”。“鉴”本指镜子，引申为借鉴、参照，审察、考察。所谓“鉴古”“鉴往”“知古”主要指总结历史上朝代、国家兴衰成败的经验教训，考察历史人物的言行事迹以及是非善恶，来为现实的国家治理和个人的道德修养服务。“知今”“鉴今”“知来”则是了解现在，以现在为鉴，预知未来。古代执政者为了使自己的决策符合国情、民情，具一定合理性，非常注重从历史中吸取经验教训，以避免重蹈覆辙。它包含着对于历史的现实意义和现实的历史景深的双重关注。与“前事不忘，后事之师”意思接近。 Reviewing the past helps us understand the present and predict the future. It is also said that “reviewing the past we understand the future” and “knowing the past we understand the present.” The Chinese word jian (鉴) can mean “mirror” and hence to”review the past” as

jiànxián-sīqí 见贤思齐 When Seeing a Person of High Caliber, Strive to Be His Equal. 遇见有德才的人，就要想着努力向他看齐。“贤”指德才兼备的人；“齐”是看齐，达到同样的水平。“见贤思齐”是孔子对自己学生的教导，后成为世人修身养德、增进才智的座右铭。其主旨在于鼓励人们善于发现他人长处，激发内心的自觉，主动向道德、学问、技能等比自己强的人学习看齐，从而不断进步。它体现了中华民族一心向善、积极进取、自强不息的精神。 This term means that when you see a person of high caliber, you should try to emulate and equal the person. Xian (贤) refers to a person of virtue and capability; qi (齐) means to emulate and reach the same level. This

jiànwénzhīzhī 见闻之知 Knowledge from One’s Senses 由耳、目等感官与外物接触而获得的认识，与“德性之知”相对。张载最先区分了“见闻之知”与“德性之知”。宋儒认为，人对生活世界的认识是通过两种不同方式实现的。通过目见耳闻所获得的认识，即是“见闻之知”。“见闻之知”是人的认识所不可缺少的。但“见闻之知”不足以穷尽对事物的认识，也无法获得对世界本体或本原的认识。 The term refers to knowledge derived from contact between externalities and one’s sensory organs such as the ears and eyes, in contrast to “knowledge from one’s moral nature.” Zhang Zai was the first to differentiate between “knowledge from one’s senses” and “knowledge from one’s moral nature.” Confucian scholars

jiànlì-sīyì 见利思义 Think of Righteousness in the Face of Gain 在面对利益之时，首先思考、分辨利益的获取是否符合道义。是儒家用以处理义利关系的准则。对利益的追求与对道义的坚守之间常存在冲突。人们往往会因为贪图私利而忽视道义，行背德违法之事。针对这种情况，孔子提出了“见利思义”的主张，倡导人们应该在道义的原则之下谋求利益。知晓道义的是君子，一味追求利益的是小人。 When faced with gain one should first consider and distinguish whether the obtainment of gain is in accord with morality. This is a Confucian criterion for dealing with the relation between righteousness and gain. Between the pursuit of gain and the upholding of morality

jìtuō 寄托 Entrusting 指诗歌作品通过形象化而寄寓作者的主观认识或感受，并能激发读者的联想。“寄”是寄寓一定的思想内容和个人情志，“托”是托物兴咏。是清代常州词派提出的一个文学术语。张惠言主张词要继承《诗经》的比兴、讽喻传统。周济进而认为，初学写词应力求有寄托，以提升作品意蕴、激发读者的思考和艺术想象；待入门后，则不能拘于寄托，而要言意浑融，无迹可寻。这一主张实质是反对观念先行，强调文学自身的特性，对于当时的文学创作有积极的导向作用。 The term refers to the entrusting of the poet’s subjective understanding or sentiments to imagery in poetic works. It can also stir responsive appreciation of the reader. Ji (寄) means having a specific thought or individual feelings, and tuo (托) means giving expression to such thought or feelings through the channel of an

hàoránzhīqì 浩然之气 Noble Spirit 盛大而充盈于生命之中的正直之气。孟子认为“浩然之气”是与道义相匹配的，由内而生，非得自于外。个人能够坚守善道，反省自身行事能无愧于心，“浩然之气”就会自然发生并逐渐充盈。一旦养成“浩然之气”，行正义之事便能果决勇敢而无所疑虑。 Noble spirit is a powerful source of cultivating integrity in one’s life. In Mencius’ view, it goes hand in hand with morality and justice and originates from within rather than from without. If one lives an ethical life and regularly conducts soul searching, he will be imbued with noble spirit

ɡōnɡ shēnɡ mínɡ，lián shēnɡ wēi 公生明，廉生威 Fairness Fosters Discernment and Integrity Creates Authority. 处事公正才能明察是非，做人廉洁才能树立威望。这是明清两代一些正直廉洁的官吏用以自戒的座右铭。“公”即公正无私；“明”即明察是非，有很强的分辨力和判断力；“廉”即廉洁；“威”即威望，有令人信服的公信力。时至今日，它仍是执政者应当遵循的最重要的为官准则：执政当公平公正，在国家法律和规定程序的框架内进行；官员当以身作则，廉洁自律，克己奉公，不可以权谋私。 Only by being fair can one distinguish between right and wrong; only with moral conduct can one establish authority. These mottoes were used as reminders by upright officials of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Gong (公) means fairness and opposing pursuit of