PBLK

shìwài-táoyuán 世外桃源 Land of Peach Blossoms / Land of Idyllic Beauty 晋陶渊明（365？—427）在《桃花源记》中所描述的一个安乐而美好的地方。那里景色优美，与世隔绝，远离战乱，没有政治压迫，人们过着平等、自由、安宁、祥和、快乐而美好的生活。后喻指为人向往的美好世界或理想社会，也指脱离世俗、安乐自在的隐居之所。 In his essay “The Peach Blossom Spring,” Tao Yuanming (365?-427) of the Jin Dynasty describes an idyllic place of natural beauty, cut off from the outside world and far from the ravages of war, free from political oppression, where people live in equality, […]

shǐ 史 History 在甲骨文与金文中，“史”的字形是手执笔或简簿，其义指记载史事的官吏。东汉许慎（58？—147）《说文解字》说：“史，记事者也。从又（手）持中。中，正也。”“史”与“事”同源，记“事”的人叫“史”，人所记叫“事”。后来史官所记述的史事或史实以及按一定原则编集整理的关于史事或史实的各种记载及评述也称作“史”，即今之“历史”。按许慎说法，“史”字“从又持中”，所谓“持中”就是坚持客观公正、无所偏袒的原则。中国有重史的传统，在很长时期内，史官甚至有不受当政者干涉的特殊地位。一方面，史家可以通过秉笔直书对当政者形成一定程度的制约，使其谨言慎行；另一方面，又可以通过总结、评述历史人物与历史事件汲取经验教训，为当政者提供借鉴。这一传统构成了中国人的人文精神和理性精神的重要特征。 Ancient inscriptions on tortoise shells and ox scapula, together with inscriptions on ancient bronze objects, the pictographic Chinese character shi (史) represents a hand holding a writing brush or a hand holding a bamboo slip, referring to a court official in charge of keeping historical records. Explanation of Script and Elucidation of

shíxù 时序 Change Along with Times 即时世和时代变化。这一术语旨在揭示文学创作与时代变化的关系。刘勰指出文学发展不是孤立的现象，而是受到时代多重因素的影响，包括当时的社会政治状况、统治者的个人爱好、学术思潮等。 The term suggests that literary creation is affected by changes of the times. Author and literary scholar Liu Xie who used this term pointed out that literary creation is not an isolated phenomenon. Rather, it is affected by numerous historical factors, such as the prevailing social and political

Shí 时 Time / Timing “时”有三种不同含义：其一，指天道运行的时序或规律，如春夏秋冬四时，或昼夜交替的时辰等。其二，指适宜于某种人事的天象或气候条件，如农时、天时等。其三，指人事发展过程中出现的时机、时运。“时”的出现与消失体现着天道或人事运行的规则。人应认识并把握“时”及其所体现的规则，采取与“时”相适应的行动。 Shi (时 time or timing) has the following three meanings: First, the sequence or rules of Nature’s way, such as spring, summer, autumn, and winter; or hours that mark changes of time during day and night; Second, a certain celestial phenomenon or climatic condition having impact on human activity, such

shínián-shùmù, bǎinián-shùrén 十年树木，百年树人 It Takes Ten Years to Grow Trees and a Hundred Years to Nurture Talents. 比喻栽培树木使之成材需要很长时间，培育人才则需要更长时间。其中的道理有两层：第一，培养和选拔人才关乎国家、社会的长远发展；第二，人才的培养和成长应立足于长远发展，要有战略眼光和整体规划，需作持久的努力。 This alludes to the long time it takes for a tree to grow, yet even longer time it takes to nurture talents. The implications are twofold: first, identifying and bringing up talents has long-term significance for the

shēngxiào 生肖 The Chinese Zodiac / Animal of the Year 也叫“属相”。中国古人把与农业生活相关的11种动物，加上特有的文化图腾“龙”，与十二地支配合进行纪年，每个人出生的年份都有相对应的生肖动物，即十二生肖。十二生肖与十二地支的配合与排序如下：子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戌狗、亥猪。十二生肖至迟在东汉已经定型，成为中国民俗文化中富有特色的内容。直到今天，一个人的本命年、婚配、命运以及节日、剪纸等民间艺术，仍能看到生肖文化的身影。 Shengxiao (生肖) in Chinese refers to the twelve animals that make up the Chinese Zodiac. The ancient Chinese included in this list eleven animals closely associated with farming, plus the dragon, a legendary animal which has cultural symbolic meaning in China. They were then associated

shěn yīn zhī zhèng 审音知政 Assess Governance by Listening to Music 通过审察音乐了解一个国家的政治教化情况。是儒家文艺观的具体体现。儒家认为，乐为心声，能传达人的情感和感受，因此，国家政治是否清明、百姓生活是否富足、社会风气是否淳厚，往往会通过音乐表现出来。《左传》记载，春秋时期吴国公子季札出使鲁国，观赏鲁国人演奏的周代不同国家或地区的音乐，并据此评析音乐中所反映出的各国治政状况。这应该是审音知政的源头。这一思想方式产生于秦汉时期，它打通了艺术和政治的界限，将艺术审美活动导向社会现实生活，体现出儒家文艺观以政教为本的特点，使中国古代文艺理论染上了浓郁的政治伦理色彩。 This term is an example of Confucian literary thinking. Confucian scholars believed that music gave expression to people’s thinking and emotions, so a country’s music reflected whether government integrity was upheld, whether people enjoyed prosperity, and whether the social atmosphere was amiable and

shěshēng-qǔyì 舍生取义 Give One’s Life to Uphold Righteousness 舍弃生命以保全道义。“舍生取义”这一主张出自《孟子》。孟子（前372—前289）认为，“义”是人之所以为人的本质特征之一，舍“义”而不足以为人。生命固然可贵，但生存却并不是人之所以为人的目的或意义。因此，当保全生命与坚守道义发生冲突的时候，人不应背义苟活，而应牺牲生命以捍卫道义。 This belief is advocated by Mencius (372-289BC). He holds that upholding righteousness is an essential attribute of a dignified man, and without it one would lose his moral standing. Life is precious, but survival should not be the only thing that is important in life. When

shàng bīng fá móu 上兵伐谋 The Best Strategy in Warfare is to Foil the Enemy’s Strategy. 用兵的上策是挫败敌方的计谋。“上兵伐谋”是孙子（前545？—前470？）提出的一条军事原则。在孙子看来，军事斗争是在不同层面展开的。不同层面的斗争都可以对战争胜败产生重要的影响。其中，武力攻伐对于双方都会造成极大的伤害，因此是不得已的选择。善于用兵之人应在武力斗争发动之前，运用谋略破除敌人的进攻威胁，或为己方的武力攻伐扫清障碍，以最小的代价实现战略目标。 Foiling the enemy’s strategy is an important principle proposed by Sunzi(545?-470?BC). In his view, war is waged at different levels, all of which have a significant impact on the outcome. Armed attacks will do great damage to both

sānxǐng-wúshēn 三省吾身 Reflect on Oneself Several Times a Day 多次反省自身。“三省吾身”是儒家所主张的一种道德修养方法。儒家认为，德行的确立取决于自身的追求与努力。因此应时时反省自己的言行与内心，并以此作为修养道德的基本方法。曾子特别提出，每日应从尽己为人、诚信待人、温习课业等方面多次反省自身是否存在不足，有则改之，无则加勉。 Reflecting often on what one does – this is a way of self-cultivation of virtue advocated by Confucianism. This school of thought holds that as moral integrity is established with one’s efforts of self-cultivation, one needs to constantly examine his words and deeds as well