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ɡuótǐ 国体 Guoti 主要有三种不同的含义：其一，指辅佐国君的重要大臣。这是一种比喻的说法，即国家犹如人的身体，而辅佐国君的大臣犹如这个身体的重要组成部分。其二，指国家的法令制度。其三，指国家的体统或尊严。 The term, literally meaning the state and the body, has three meanings. First, it refers to the important ministers who help the sovereign ruler govern the state. Figuratively, the term suggests that the state is a human body and the ministers are the major components of the body. Second, it refers […]

ɡuójiā 国家 Family-state / Country 古代指诸侯和大夫的领地。古代诸侯的封地称“国”，大夫的封地称“家”。“国家”是“国”与“家”的合称。在古代中国，家庭、家族、国家都是依据血缘、宗法关系构建起来的，在组织结构上具有共通性。这就是所谓的“家国同构”。后演变指一国的全部疆域。近代以来，“国家”又指由一定疆域、人民和政权机构共同构成的政治实体。 Family-state referred to the land owned by feudal lords and officials in ancient China. The land of a feudal lord was called “state” and the land of an official was called “family.” In ancient China, family, clan and country shared common structural features, all founded on the basis of

ɡuàyáo 卦爻 Trigrams and Component Lines “卦”是由“—”和“- -”排列组合而成的一套符号系统，其中的“—”为“阳爻”，“- -”为“阴爻”。每三“爻”合成一卦，可得“八卦”。每六“爻”合成一卦，可得“六十四卦”。“卦爻”的产生与占筮有关。古人通过分取蓍草，演算其变化之数，从而确定卦爻，以预测吉凶。后人为卦爻赋予各种象征意义，并用以理解和阐发包括人事在内的天地万物的运行变化及其法则。 A gua (trigram) is a system of symbols consisting of undivided lines (—) and divided lines (- -). The undivided line (—) is a yang line while the divided one (- -) a yin line. Three lines make a trigram, and there are eight such trigrams.

ɡéwù-zhìzhī 格物致知 Study Things to Acquire Knowledge 在与事物的接触中体认人伦日用之道。“格物”“致知”出自《礼记·大学》，与诚意、正心、修身、齐家、治国、平天下并称“八条目”。“致知”在于“格物”，二者密切相关，故有时并称“格致”。历代学者对“格物致知”的含义有多种不同的理解：或强调在对事物的接触中穷究其“理”；或强调亲自实践以掌握各种德行、技艺；或以心意所在为“物”，进而以内心的修正为“格物”。 The term means to understand how we should conduct ourselves through our contact with things. “Studying things to acquire knowledge” comes from The Book of Rites. Together with “making one’s purpose sincere,” “correcting one’s thoughts,” “self-cultivation,” “running one’s family well,” “governing the state properly,” and “bringing peace

ɡémìnɡ 革命 Changing the Mandate / Revolution 变革王命。“革”，变革；“命”，初指天命，后来指王命，即帝王的政令或帝王的统治权。犹言江山易主、改朝换代，即推翻旧政权，建立新政权。古人认为，“王命”源于“天命”（上天的意志），故“革命”本质上是实施变革以应“天命”。而“革”是宇宙的基本规律，“革命”是这一规律的具体体现；判断“革命”合法性与成功的依据，则在于“革命”的领导者是否顺应了上天的意志和民众的意愿。近代以降，“革命”转指社会、政治、经济制度的重大变革。 The term means taking power from a ruler. Ge (革) means to change or remove. Ming (命) first referred to the mandate of Heaven and later came to mean a ruler’s decrees and his mandate to rule. Changing the mandate usually involves replacing a ruler and a change of

ɡānɡróu 刚柔 Gang and Rou 人和事物所具有的两种相反的属性或德性。主要有三种含义：其一，就自然物或器物而言，“刚”指坚硬，“柔”指柔软。其二，就个人的品格而言，“刚”指为人刚毅、坚强，“柔”指温柔、谦逊。其三，就为政、执法的风格而言，“刚”指严厉，“柔”指宽宥。“刚柔”被认为是“阴阳”的某种具体表现。“刚”与“柔”之间的对立与调和是促成事物运动变化的根本原因。在具体事物或行事中，二者应达到某种平衡，“刚”与“柔”过度都是不好的、危险的。 Two opposing properties or qualities that objects and human beings possess. The term has three different meanings. First, when describing natural or manmade objects, gang (刚) means hard and rou (柔) means soft. Second, when describing human qualities, gang means strong and determined, while rou means gentle and modest. Third, when describing a

ɡānchénɡ 干城 Shield and Fortress / Dukes and Princes 本指盾与城，后用来比喻诸侯，以及国家政权、理论主张等的捍卫者。“干”即盾，是古代的一种防御性武器；“城”即城墙或城郭，是具有防御功能的建筑设施。用“干城”比喻诸侯，与“崇城”（比喻天子）相对。称天子为“崇城”，表明天子地位之崇高、优越；称诸侯为“干城”，表示诸侯的职责是拱卫天子，必须服从天子号令。后泛指忠实得力的保卫者——不仅指地位低的人保卫地位高的人，有时也指地位高的人保卫地位低的人。 The term originally referred to shield and fortress, but was later used to mean dukes and princes, and then defenders of a regime, theory or proposition. Gan (干) means shield, a defensive weapon in old days, while cheng (城) means inner and outer city walls or a

fēiɡōnɡ 非攻 Denouncing Unjust Wars 反对、禁止不义的战争。“非攻”是墨家的基本主张之一。墨家认为，违反道义的攻伐战争有着严重危害。不仅被攻伐的国家遭到极大破坏，发动战争的国家也会因战争造成大量的人民伤亡及财产损失，因此应该禁止不义的战争。墨家也通过实际的行动反对并阻止国家间的相互攻伐，并研究了用以防御攻伐的战术、器具。 Opposition to unjust warfare is one of the basic concepts in the Mohist School of thought. It regards immoral and aggressive wars as acutely harmful to society. Not only does the country being attacked suffer great damage, the people of the country that starts the war also suffer serious

fǎ bù ē ɡuì 法不阿贵 The Law Does Not Favor the Rich and Powerful. 法律对一切人平等，对权贵也绝不徇情偏袒。古代法家主张，治理国家应该不分贵贱亲疏，一切依据法律规定而予以奖惩。其主旨强调公正执法，法律面前，人人平等。这一主张为历代推崇，是“依法治国”思想的重要来源之一。 The law treats everybody equally, not favoring the rich and powerful. The Legalists in ancient China argued that there should be no distinction between noble and poor or close and distant people; punishment or reward should be meted out strictly

dúhuà 独化 Self-driven Development 指天地万物不假外力，自己独立生成、变化。由郭象在《庄子注》中提出。具体而言，“独化”包含三重含义：其一，天地万物的生成和变化都是自然而然的。其二，天地万物的生成和变化都是各自独立的。其三，天地万物的生成和变化都是突然发生的，是没有原因和目的的。“独化”观念否定了造物主的存在，同时也否定了一物构成另一物发生与存在的原因。但就世界整体而言，“独化”而成的万物又处于某种和谐的关系之中。 The term indicates that all things in heaven and on earth do not depend on external forces. Rather, they take shape and change by themselves independently. It was put forward by Guo Xiang in his Annotations on Zhuangzi. Specifically, the term contains three meanings. Firstly, all things in heaven and on