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fěngyù 讽谕 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. fěngyù 讽谕 Subtle Admonition 指文学作品借用一定事例或思想，含蓄婉转地向统治者传达民情民风、批评时政，从而使统治者能够接受讽谏，革除政弊。“讽”是指讽谏、劝诫，要求诗文中的批评语言含蓄婉转，“谕”是晓谕、表明，文章主旨最终要归结为劝鉴、批评。也就是说，它实际包含密不可分的两方面：一是文学的表达方式（“讽”要婉转含蓄），二是文学的社会功能（“晓谕”统治者）。“讽谕说”由汉代学者解释《诗经》时总结提出，儒家以此倡导文学对朝廷教化和社会民风的干预作用，将其视为文学的特殊使命。唐代诗人白居易大量创作讽谕诗，强化诗歌创作的社会功能，推进了这一文学传统，对后世文学创作影响很大。 The term refers to the use of allegories to convey […]

fēngjiàn 封建 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. fēngjiàn 封建 Feudal System 即封邦建国。古代帝王将爵位、土地和人口分封给亲戚或功臣，让他们在封地内建国。各封国的规模小于王室的直辖领地，军、政自成体系，封国之间相互制衡，拱卫王室。作为一种政治制度，封建制相传始于黄帝时期，至西周时期达于完备。秦至清，中央集权制或专制帝制居于主导地位，而封建制则成为一种辅助性制度。 Under this system, ancient monarchs granted titles of nobility, land,

fēngyǎsòng 风雅颂 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. fēngyǎsòng 风雅颂 Ballad, Court Hymn, and Eulogy 《诗经》中依体裁与音乐对诗歌所分出的类型。“风（国风）”是不同地区的地方音乐，大部分是民歌；“雅”是宫廷宴享或朝会时的乐歌，分为“大雅”与“小雅”，大部分是贵族文人的作品；“颂”是宗庙祭祀用的舞曲歌辞，内容多是歌颂祖先的功业。“雅”“颂”指雅正之音，而“国风”系民间乐歌，因此“风雅颂”既是《诗经》的体裁，同时也有高雅纯正的含义。“风雅”后来一般指典雅与高雅的事物。 In The Book of Songs, the content

fǎzhì 法治 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. fǎzhì 法治 Rule by Law 以法治国。是站在君主的角度，主张君主通过制定并严格执行法令、规章来治理民众和国家（与“人治”相对），是先秦时期法家的重要政治思想。法家的“法治”思想有赏罚分明的一面，也有过于严苛、刚硬的弊端。自汉朝以迄清朝，“法治”和“人治”，各王朝多兼而用之。近代以降，“法治”因西学东渐而被赋予新的含义。 Rule by law, as opposed to rule by man,

fāfèn-zhùshū 发愤著书 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. fāfèn-zhùshū 发愤著书 Indignation Spurs One to Write Great Works. 因在现实生活中遭遇不平而下决心写出传世著作。源出《史记·太史公自序》。西汉司马迁在遭受宫刑后，强烈的愤懑情绪成为他创作《史记》的驱动力。他借《史记》表达自己的思想、感情、志向，最终使著作流传于世。“发愤著书”后多用来解释优秀的文艺作品的创作动机和原因。这一术语揭示了优秀的文学作品的产生往往与作者个人的不幸遭遇有直接关联。后世在此基础上又衍生出“不平则鸣”“诗穷而后工”等观点。 This term means suffering injustice

拼音 标题 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. dé 德 De “德”有两种不同含义：其一，指个人的良好品格或人们在社会共同生活中的良好品行。“德”原初的意义与行为有关，主要指外在的道德行为，后兼指与道德行为相应的内在的情感、意识，“德”被认为是外在的道德行为与内在的道德情感、道德意识的结合。其二，指事物从“道”所得的特殊规律或特性，是幽隐无形的“道”的具体显现，也是事物产生和存在的内在依据。 The term has two different meanings. One is an individual’s fine

拼音 标题 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. dào 道 Dao (Way) 本义指人所行之路，引申而有三重含义：其一，指不同领域的事物所遵循的法则，如日月星辰运行的规律称为天道，人事活动所遵循的规律称为人道；其二，指万事万物所遵循的普遍法则；其三，指事物的本原或本体，超越于有形的具体事物，是万物生成的基始，又是万物存在和人类行为的根据。儒家、道家、佛教等都谈论道，其内涵差异甚大。儒家之道以仁义礼乐为基本内容，佛教和道家之道偏重“空”“无”方面的意义。 In its original meaning, dao (道) is the way or path

拼音 标题 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. Chinese philosophy – Chinese philosophy and culture

dàtóng 关键词 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. dàtóng 大同 Universal Harmony 儒家理想中的天下一家、人人平等、友爱互助的太平盛世（与“小康”相对）。儒家认为它是人类社会发展的最高阶段，类似于西方的乌托邦。其主要特征是：权力和财富归社会公有；社会平等，安居乐业；人人能得到社会的关爱；货尽其用，人尽其力。清末民初，“大同”又被用来指称西方传来的社会主义、共产主义、世界主义等概念。 This term refers to the time of peace and prosperity

chéng 诚 By “key concepts in Chinese thought and culture” we mean concepts and keywords or phrases the Chinese people have created or come to use that are fundamentally pertinent to Chinese philosophy, humanistic spirit, way of thinking, and values. chéng 诚 Sincerity “诚”是儒家思想的核心概念之一，其基本含义是真实无妄。儒家认为，“诚”是“天道”或“天理”的本质，是万物得以存在的根据。同时，“诚”也是道德的本原和基础，一切道德的行为必须建立在内心真实无妄之上，否则便是虚妄，《中庸》称之为“不诚无物”。圣人以“诚”为本性，其言行自然与“天道”“天理”相合；君子则以“诚”作为道德修养的目标以及达于“天道”“天理”的途径。 Sincerity is among the core concepts of the Confucian school of